为定量化描述居民生活用水需求程度与节水潜力的关系，提高居民生活用水效率，提出适应于不同居民特 征的节水管理措施建议，以北京市为例，开展居民生活用水和节水行为习惯调查。建立居民生活用水及节水模型， 从个体特征角度分析居民生活用水量和行为用水规律，采用层次化需水理论，计算居民各行为的刚性、弹性和奢 侈用水量及节水潜力。结果表明，居民生活用水量特别是洗浴、冲厕、洗衣和饮食用水量与年龄和性别等个体特 征呈显著的规律性变化。根据计算，女性平均用水量比男性高 13%，青年女性和老年男性是用水需求最高和最低 的人群，平均用水量分别为 156?L/（人?d）和 118?L/（人?d），奢侈用水量占比分别为 27% 和 3%。研究模拟结果显示， 在不改变个人生活质量的前提下，通过实施家庭内部废水再利用、换装节水器具、减少无效用水等方式，可节约 15%~20% 的家庭用水量，为城市生活用水及节水管理提供理论参考。

Domestic water consumption proportion is high in Beijing due to the adjustment of industrial structure in recent years, and domestic water saving has become the focus of urban water resources management. However, previous studies focused more on the impact of per capita water consumption and water saving, while ignoring the group differences in residential water consumption, such as gender, age, education, income, etc. The group differences made diversity in lifestyle, behavior habits, and consciousness, resulting in a large difference in water demand. Therefore, the targeted water-saving measures to improve water use efficiency were proposed based on the analysis of water consumption for residents with different individual characteristics. Questionnaire was used for data collection in Beijing’s households, adential water use habits and their characteristics such as gender and age, but not with income and education. Especially for the habits of showering, toilet flushing, and cooking, there were great differences among residents with different individual characteristics, which led to differences in water consumption for various behaviors. The proportion of water consumption for showering and toilet in households were the largest, and the difference was the most obvious. There was also a striking difference between the water consumption for washing clothes or cooking and individual characteristics, but no significant correlation for personal hygiene or household cleaning. In terms of total residential water consumption, it decreased with the increase of age, and the average water consumption for females was 13% higher than that of males. Young women and old men had the highest and lowest water demand, with average water consumption of 156 L/(person?d) and 118 L/(person?d), respectively. According to the theory of the hierarchical water demand and definition behaviors, the luxury water demand for showering, toilet flushing, personal hygiene, laundry, cooking, and household cleaning in Beijing’s households was more than 48 L/(person?d), 24 L/(person?d), 21 L/(person?d), 12 L/(person?d), 9 L/(person?d)and 2 L/(person?d), respectively. Young women and old men had the highest and lowest luxury water consumption, which the proportion ware 27% and 3%, respectively. The analysis showed that there was a need to focus on improving the efficiency of showering and toilet flushing, which consumed more luxury water. Based on the investigation of water conservation behaviors for residents with different individual characteristics, the water conservation potential of improving the wastewater behaviors was calculated, and the rate of water saving would be increased by 15% to 20%. Among these, the water-saving rate of the elderly was lowest, and the middle young was highest. The water conservation potential results exhibited that the measures and key points of residential water conservation with different characteristics were put forward. The residential water consumption and water saving model were constructed combined with the theory of hierarchical water demand. The total and each behavior against water consumption was analyzed for residents with different individual characteristics. According to the luxury water demand and water conservation potential, the measures and key points for water saving work were put forward, which could provide a theoretical reference for urban water management.