从广义与狭义角度阐释海绵城市理念的内涵，梳理常见低影响开发（low impact development，LID）措施的功能特征，系统归纳LID措施优化布局研究中使用的模型工具、优化算法以及规划目标。最后，以济南市黄台桥流域为例，运用NSGA-II算法，以LID措施的成本、雨洪要素控制率为目标进行LID优化布局，结果表明：居住区和公共设施区的透水铺装对径流总量削减效果最显著；居住区、公共设施区和园林区的透水铺装及公共设施区的绿色屋顶组合对洪峰延迟时间效果最显著；公共设施区的透水铺装和绿色屋顶组合对洪峰流量削减效果最显著。研究结果可为我国城市防洪减灾、海绵城市建设提供参考。

With the development of global urbanization,cities have been severely threatened by the negative hydrological effects of urbanization,and the healthy and sustainable development of cities is threatened in past decades.The concept of sponge city was proposed under this background.The core of sponge city construction is Low Impact Development (LID).The research on the optimal layout of LID measures has received more attention.Domestic scholars began to pay attention to the research and practice of LID at the beginning of this century.Currently,in the exploratory stage,there is still a lack of a complete theoretical system for urban runoff control and LID optimization.Therefore,it is imperative to apply LID measures and optimization techniques to the construction of sponge cities in large-scale urban watersheds. The connotation of sponge city was explained in both broad and narrow perspectives.The functional characteristics of common LID facilities were sorted out.The model tools,optimization algorithms and optimization target used in the field of optimization of LID facilities were summarized systematically.Typically,the models employed by researchers include SWMM,SUSTAIN,HEC-HMS and MUSIC,etc.The heuristic algorithms used in research are GA,NSGA-Ⅱ and PSO.Meanwhile,it was illustrated that both the pattern of LID layout and the location of LID facilities had an impact on the urban hydrological process. The present research on LID optimal layout should meet the requirements of the regional sponge plan.For this purpose,the Huangtaiqiao catchment in Jinan City was selected as the study area.Using NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm and SWMM model,the multi-objective optimization of the LID layout was carried out considering the cost of LID facilities and the control rate of flood factors.The optimization was carried out according to the division of functional areas and the proportion of LID facilities in each functional area. The result shows that:(1) When selecting different objective functions,the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm can more accurately give a certain cost-effective LID layout scheme,to further determine the most economical scheme and maximum reduction scheme under the corresponding scenario,and can give the corresponding LID.The layout ratio shows good applicability,indicating that the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm is suitable for LID optimization layout in urban areas at the watershed scale.(2) The most significant reduction effect on the total runoff is the permeable pavement in the residential area and the public facility area.The combination of the permeable pavement in the residential area,the public facility area and the garden area and the green roof in the public facility area have the most significant effect on the delay time of the flood peak.The most significant reduction effect on flood peak flow is the combination of permeable pavement and green roof in the public facility area. This study is a preliminary discussion on sponge planning in large-scale urban watersheds to provide some reference for research and engineering construction in this area.